Introduction
Male infertility is a prevalent medical condition affecting a substantial proportion of couples worldwide. Despite its frequency, male infertility remains underdiagnosed due to social stigma and limited awareness. Andrology provides the clinical framework for understanding the causes of male infertility and implementing effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Causes of Male Infertility
Male infertility may arise from pre-testicular, testicular, or post-testicular factors. Hormonal imbalances, genetic abnormalities, varicocele, infections, testicular trauma, environmental toxins, and lifestyle factors such as smoking and obesity significantly impair male fertility. Psychological stress and occupational hazards also contribute to reduced sperm quality.
Diagnostic Evaluation in Andrology
Andrological evaluation begins with a detailed medical history and physical examination. Semen analysis remains the cornerstone of diagnosis, erotic diagnosis, assessing sperm concentration, motility, and morphology. Advanced diagnostic tools include hormonal assays, genetic testing, scrotal ultrasound, and sperm DNA fragmentation analysis.
Treatment Approaches
Treatment is tailored to the underlying cause and may include hormonal therapy, surgical intervention, lifestyle modification, antioxidant supplementation, or assisted reproductive technologies. Andrology emphasizes restoring natural fertility whenever possible while supporting assisted techniques when necessary.
Conclusion
Male infertility is a complex but manageable condition. Early diagnosis and individualized andrological care significantly improve reproductive outcomes and patient satisfaction.